Essay on Hum 105 Divine Roles Group - 1139 Words

Divine Roles Accross Culture University of Phoenix HUM/105 World Mythology So many cultures have divinities in similar roles because events have identified different experiences with similar results. As humans we thrive on the need to believe, so rely heavily on hope and faith. Divinities enforce a sense of beauty and positivity that allows one to go beyond good versus evil. There is an overlap between roles because they are often identified by powers and forces granted to mortal individuals. For example, most supernatural powers are associated with storms and thunder being extended to other spirit beings to wash away negativity and make an example of their enemies. In most faiths, demons are†¦show more content†¦| | |Is the divinity male or female? What |The divinity is male. His role was to|Is a female divinity. The gender | |function does this gender play? |provide protection to the altars, |portrays the holy sometimes as a | | |Protect the palaces of the |â€Å"Holy Divinity† with robes or | | |rulers and |sometimes imitating the Virgen de la | | |each household |Guadalupe. | | |People. | | |Within the myth of origin, how does |As the obstacle remover and the son of other two deities which he was | |this divinity compare with other |killed and decapitated, their fathers found different parts of other | |divinities? How does this divinity |beings and part elephant is the lord of beginnings comparing to la Santa | |interact with or compare to divinities |Muerta that is the ender of things and the last stop before eternity for | |of the same gender and to divinities of|humanShow MoreRelatedVerbal and Nonverbal Communication11225 Words   |  45 Pagesmannerisms can be easily misinterpreted. Subvocals constitute a sixth form of nonverbal communication. We say uh, uh, uh, when we are trying to find a word. We say a lot of non-word things in order to carry meaning to another person; we stammer, we hum, we grunt, we groan and so on. These subvocal noises are not words, but they do carry meaning. Distancing is a seventh form of nonverbal communication. Each person is said to have a psychological space around her. If another person invades that spaceRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesACTION AND VIOLATIONS OF THE CODE 98 XIV. APPLICATION/WAIVERS 100 XV. TO REPORT AN ETHICS VIOLATION 101 2.63- Many professional and industries association’s code of ethics: 102 RESPONSIBILITIES OF A PROFESSIONAL: 102 3.0- CONCLUSION: 105 4.0-REFFERENCES 106 1.0- JOHN STEINER AND GEORGE STEINER SIX PRIMARY SOURCES OF ETHICS: Six primary sources have been identified in the American business area by ethics scholars George and john steiner as under: 1- Religion: Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesxvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change

Analysis On Different Employability Skills Covered Within...

1. Terms of Reference Within this report and portfolio there is going to be analysis on different employability skills covered within this my first year at university and, evidence of how they are incorporated in my own development as a Business Leadership and Corporate Management student to successfully hold a placement for the next two years of my degree. 2. Why Employability Matters? Employability is a key determination around the way the world works. It ‘is about being capable of getting and keeping fulfilling work’ where people can move through jobs in different markets maintaining employment. (Hillage Pollard, 1998, p. 2) In 2009 a survey completed by the Confederation of British Industry concluded that ‘employability skills was one of the most important factors when recruiting graduates.’ (CBI, 2009, p.11) Through universities, colleges, employers and the government focusing on implementing employability in to core education this not only helps with student engagement around the idea of employment (HEFCE, 2011, p.5), but also helps to ‘foster and develop a culture of progression and life-long learning’ (Cole Tibby, 2013, p.5). 3. What are Employability Skills? Employability skills can be described as ‘having a set of skills, knowledge and personal attributes that make a person more likely to secure, and be successful in their chosen occupation’ (Hinchcliffe, 2001, p. 8). These skills are an important set of transferable skills which are best developed overShow MoreRelatedTeaching a Specialist Subject3154 Words   |  13 Pages(Level 6) BryAnne Conley 7 January 2011 Introduction In recent years the English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) sector has been dramatically affected by top-level UK immigration legislation. Immigration changes emanating from the Home Office, as well as corresponding funding changes for ESOL through Skills for Life, have significantly impacted public-sector Further Education (FE) teaching of ESOL. This essay will outline the recent history of national legislative changes affectingRead Morecibm7098 Words   |  29 Pagesï » ¿ Module Guide 2013-14 Contemporary Issues in Business and Management 6BUS1101 Academic Year – 2013/14 Semester - A Module Leader – Rachelle Andrews Contents Contents: 1a Contact details for the module leaders (and teaching team) Name Room Phone ext E mail address Office Feedback hours Rachelle Andrews M221 X5718 r.1.andrews@herts.ac.uk Wednesday and Friday 12-1pm Dr Hans Schlappa M225 h.schlappa@hertsRead MoreEducation response Essay example43180 Words   |  173 PagesA progress report by the Independent Reviewer on Social Mobility and Child Poverty October 2012 University Challenge: How Higher Education Can Advance Social Mobility A progress report by the Independent Reviewer on Social Mobility and Child Poverty October 2012 University Challenge: How Higher Education Can Advance Social Mobility Contents Foreword and summary 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 11 Chapter 2 Access all areas 19 Chapter 3 Making the grade Read MoreUnit 5001 Personal Development as a Manager and Leader Essay10584 Words   |  43 PagesConclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 12 Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 12 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 13 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 14 Executive Summary This report will explore personal development as a manager and leader within the Authors role of a senior support worker. The report covers four areas. Section 1 will show the importance of assessing and planning for personal professional development. Section 2 will show the need to planRead MoreUnit 2 - Business Resources Merit/Distcinction9933 Words   |  40 Pagespeople with the right skills to do their jobs. If Tesco let’s say are recruiting a new floor manager they will only employ individuals with specific skills and criteria this may also be based upon experience, so they will test people applying with unique strategies. It may be hard for Tesco to acquire this member of staff so they advertise the job role using promotion such as newspapers, in store, posters and online. It is critical for any business to find suitable staff to work within the organisationRead MoreMobile Learning7438 Words   |  30 Pageslife accelerates, the ability to navigate, access, validat e and share information will be a pivotal skill in an increasingly complex environment. This skill will affect every part of a person’s existence, including everything from their ability to remain competitive in the workplace, to their ability to make personal choices about holidays, social activities and personal development projects. This article proposes four fundamental learning advantages that are gained more easily, or to a greater degreeRead MoreAn Employers Guide Inclusive Workplace16409 Words   |  66 Pagesfurther information 54 This guide contains a range of ideas to help you use human rights principles to create an inclusive workplace. Section 1 Introduction An environment where everyone is treated with dignity and respect, where the talents and skills of different groups are valued, and where productivity and customer service improves because the workforce is happier, more motivated and more aware of the benefits that inclusion can bring. This guide will be useful for human resourcesRead MoreProceedings Of The Second Conference On Human Capital Development9482 Words   |  38 PagesManagement, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt. Dr. Ukoha Ojiabo: Department of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt. Prof. A. Ahiauzu: Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Prof Don Baridam Former Vice Chancellor University of Pot Harcourt Prof. Seth Accra Jaja: Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, RiversRead MoreTeam Work and High Performance Organization21591 Words   |  87 Pagesconsequences of teamwork Organisational environment Conclusion References Annex 1: Sample survey questions Annex 2: Survey sources This report is available in electronic format only. Wyattville Road, Loughlinstown, Dublin 18, Ireland. - Tel: (+353 1) 204 31 00 - Fax: 282 42 09 / 282 64 56 e-mail: information@eurofound.europa.eu - website: www.eurofound.europa.eu This report provides a comparative overview of teamwork, based on the European Working Conditions Surveys and 16 national contributionsRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesRiver, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. ii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording

Identity †I am an American, not an Asian-American Free Essays

‘I am an American, not an Asian-American. My rejection of hyphenation has been called race treachery, but it is really a demand that America deliver the promises of its dream to all its citizens equally.’ What is identity? Many of us would think that the answer to this question is simple but once placed on the stop and asked to answer it, the answer creates more of an issue than the question. We will write a custom essay sample on Identity – I am an American, not an Asian-American or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identity can be defined in many different ways and there is more than one identity. The most obvious of these is an individual identity, regarding one person and their ability to establish their identity and locate themselves. There are also social identities, and collective identities. Usually identity is to do with ideas that are derived from society and often requires some reflexivity as it is to do with being a social being part of a society. It is mostly acquired through social interaction and the meanings we decide of social positions and is often marked through symbols. Identity is all about similarities and differences. These help one identify their sense of self in relation to others who are similar or different. For example it can help identify distinctive characteristics that make one different from others, or identify a shared viewpoint or physical features that make one similar to others. Identity is about how we think about ourselves, other people around us and what we think others around us think of us, many people would imagine social life unimaginable without a social identity. Mukherjee grew up in a Hindu, Bengali-speaking and middle-class neighbourhood. The general belief in her birthplace was that ‘one’s identity was fixed, derived from religion, caste, patrimony, and mother tongue.’ One did not need to ‘discover’ their identity because it was unchangeable and one hardly had an individual identity. As the society was one consisting of similar people, there was a sense of a shared and collective identity, even if not socially, at least within one’s family it was shared. Her neighbourhood had influenced her identity greatly, especially when regarding social divisions. For example; gender. In the article, certain sentences make it clear that Mukherjee comes from a male-dominated society. ‘Men provided and women were provided for. My father was a patriarch and I a pliant daughter†¦I didn’t expect myself to ever disobey or disappoint my father by setting my own goals and taking charge of my future.’ It also seems that class played an important role in the social divisions of the collective identity where she lived. ‘Two commands my father had written out for me†¦marry the bridegroom he selected for me from our caste and class’. She also claims that intercaste, interlanguage and interethnic marriages were forbidden within their traditional culture. Even emigration was frowned upon in Bengali tradition as it was seen as a form of diluting true culture. It seems that a woman’s identity was set by the identity (or status) of her father, or after marriage; her husband. Mukherjee also states ‘I was who I was because I was Dr. Sudhir Lal Mukherjee’s daughter’. It should also be noted that Mukherjee chooses to use the word ‘was’ rather than ‘am’. This suggests that she has in a way cut off ties with her previous identity. She now sees her main identity as being American. Once in America, Mukherjee regarded herself as an Indian foreign student who intended to return to India to live. Her short and impulsive marriage ceremony led her into a whole new world regarding identities and their importance. She felt cut off from the ways of her life in Bengal as she had done something she never would have ever dreamed of doing. She now felt as if she had conflicting loyalties between two extremely different cultures. In America, women have more rights and participate in society just as much as men. This was new to Mukherjee as she now struggled to find her true identity; something she had never really paid attention to before. There had been a recent uproar in America concerning things such as ‘who is an American?’ and ‘what is American culture?’. These led to issues involving the scapegoating of immigrants which further pushed Mukherjee into adopting America as her new homeland and following American culture. However, Mukherjee done all with her own choice and therefore takes her citizenship very seriously. The United Nations adds new members almost every year, many ‘old nations’ now find themselves challenged with ‘sub’ – nationalisms. It looks more and more likely that there will be a creation of more nationalities and people may lose true sight of what their nation once was. Many people in one society do not know each other or even of one another’s existence, yet there is a sense of a ‘community’. Anderson (1983) describes this situation as an ‘imagined community’. Members cannot know each other and despite inequality there is still an imagined meaningful friendship. One can, and does have more than one identity. Goffman (1971) talks about impression management and gives life the metaphor of a drama. Humans are seen as actors and play many different roles. He believes that they follow certain ‘scripts’ which are relevant in some situations but not in others and interaction is seen as a performance to the audience. This is known as his ‘dramaturgical analogy’. William Shakespeare once famously wrote ‘ All the world is a stage, And all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and entrance; Each man in his time plays many parts’. This means that a concept, even if not widely agreed with, to do with Goffman’s idea has been around for a long time. In the debate of culture and identity, the notion of agency is a central theme. Agency is about choice, the ability to exercise this choice in order to shape our own identities. Agency is highly related to reflexivity; a post modern idea. Reflexivity is to do with the capacity of humans to reflect upon themselves, their actions and others around them in order to change or improve themselves. Mukherjee was brought up in an environment where the notion of agency in regards to identity did not exist. Identity was fixed, and one could not change it. Therefore, when she adopted her new found culture in America, she automatically was using agency to choose and shape her own identity. Identity is ever-changing; it changes with time, place and an individual’s perception of reality (Vithu Jeyaloganathan – Sri Lankan born Canadian, b. 1991). An Indian politician and founder of the Indian Constitution ( B.R.Ambedkar) once said that ‘Unlike a drop of water which loses its identity when it joins the ocean, man does not lose his being in the society in which he lives. Man’s life is independent. He is born not for the development of society alone, but for the development of his self.’ This may be representative of India’s changing views on the topic of identity and more importantly, individual identity. How to cite Identity – I am an American, not an Asian-American, Papers

Law Media Communication for Censorship - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLaw Media Communication for Censorship and Internet. Answer: Introduction Media law is such a field where the telecommunications industry, the broadcasting, information technology, censorship, internet, online services and the entertainment industry is regulated through the law. Due to the increasing popularity of different media, this field has gain significance in the previous century and has moved from simply being focused on live performances and print media. Now, the media consists of live actors, printed word and mobile devices, internet, television, movies and radio (Spilsbury, 2013). The biggest areas of concern which relates to the media laws relate to the intellectual property. This is particularly with reference to the patents related to processes or technologies, trademarks related to different brands and the copyright concerns for original works (HG.org LLC, 2017). Copyright is a particular filed which the people in media have to keep a strict eye on. It is a legal right which is created through the law of the nation where the creator the original work is given the exclusive right for the use and distribution of the particular work (Miller, 2013). The copyright issues were presented in two cases, i.e., in Taylor swift "shake it off" and in Men at Work's Down Under Kookaburra case. The following parts cover a comparison and contrast of these two cases, particularly with reference to the significance of these cases in terms of their legal consideration to professional practice. What went down? Before a comparison and contrasting can be drawn between the two cases, there is a need to understand the real dispute of this case. Men at Work's Down Under Kookaburra Spicks and Specks is a quiz show which was telecasted on ABC-TV and back in 2008, while it was been carried on, a question was posted regarding which childrens song was covered in the song Down under and the answer to this was given as Kookaburra. The kookaburra was a song whose rights were held by Larrikin Music; and after the telecast of this program, a number of emails and phone calls were made to Larrikin on the very next day (The Sunday Telegraph, 2009). Subsequently, Larrikin Music made a decision to initiate legal actions against Colin Hay and Ron Strykert, who wrote the song Down Under. It was claimed that certain sections of the flute segment of the song recording were completely based on kookaburra, which had been written by Marion Sinclair back in 1932. Upon the death of Sinclair in 1988, the rights of the song were deemed to have been transferred to Larrikin Music, which was the publisher of the song, on March 21st, 1990. The rights of this song, in United State, were adm inistered by Music Sales Corporation, located in New York City (Gilligan, 2014). Twenty eight years after the song had released, in June 2009 Larrikin Music initiated a case of copyright infringement against the Men At Work and they alleged that the flute riff part of Down Under had been a copy of their song kookaburra (Tehranian, 2011). The Larrikin Musics counsel and that of their publishing company, i.e., EMI Songs Australia and Sony BMG Music Entertainment made a claim that based on the agreement on which the song had been written, the copyright was held by Girl Guides Association (News, 2011). Federal Court of Australias Justice Peter Jacobson, on July 30th made a preliminary ruling regarding the fact that Larrikin Music did not have a copyright over the song and stated that the key issue was whether the writers of Down Under had plagiarized the riff, which was set to be determined at a later date. This decision was handed down on February 04th, 2010 and it was held by Jacobson J that the copyright had been breached in Down Under as there was a substantial p art of kookaburra reproduced in it. The decision of damages was also a controversial one and the parties kept on making different claims. A decision was handed down on July 06th, 2010 where Larrikin Music was set to receive 5% as royalties from period of 2002. Though, an appeal to this amount was rejected by the High Court of Australia in October 2011 (Akbarzadeh and Atacador, 2011).. The standing of Kookaburra case showed the lack of visible policing with regards to the rights of the song by its composers, in this high profile case, which led the general public to form a view that the song had been one in the public domain. The copyright status revelation of kookaburra, particularly with reference to get the royalties created a huge uproar and a negative response amongst the different section of the public of the nation. Taylor swift "shake it off" Shake it off was a famous song of Taylor Swift which topped the charts in 2014. Sean Hall and Nathan Butler, the songwriters filed a suit against Taylor Swift and stated that there had been a lyrical similarity in 2017 (Chiu, 2017). They claimed that there had been a close resemblance of Taylors song with their song of 2001 Playas Gon Play which was a hit and which had been performed by 3LW. This claim was targeted towards not only Taylor, but her co-writers Shellback and Max Martin, ATV/ Sony and also against Universal Music Group, where they asked for 20% of the songs writing credits along with the pertinent royalties (Forbes, 2017). Even though there was no similarity in the sounding of the two songs, the suit was raised from the phrase used in the 2001 song and that of Swift, where it was claimed that Cause the players gonna play, play, play, play, play/And the haters gonna hate, hate, hate, hate, hate was a copy of The playas gon play/Them haters gonna hate (Sinha-Roy, 2017). It was also claimed that the overall structure of the chorus was also similar along with the four part lyrical sequence where four kinds of people were swapping out, i.e., callers for heartbreakers and ballers for fakers (Cullins, 2017). The representatives of Taylor responded to this claim in a swift manner and stated that this claim was a ridiculous attempt to grab money. And they stated that the law made it very clear that there had been no valid case here. This was quite true as due to the very same claim by Jesse Braham, Swift won the suit in 2015. In this case, Graham had asked for $42 million and he got nothing as his case had been dismissed on the grounds that the short phrases were not protected under the copyright laws, particularly when they lack originality (Powell, 2015). And so, this 2017 case is also likely to be quashed by the court as nothing more than an attempt to gain benefit from the money earned by Taylor (Forbes, 2017). Comparison and Contrast The reason I selected these two cases is that copyright claims are a very significant aspect of the media law, particularly with reference to what I am being taught at the present time in this course. I selected these two cases so as to enable the comparison of two such copyright cases, which were apart in time, to analyse the difference and in particular, the growth of copyright related issues in the present time. These two cases teach us about the changes which the copyright cases have seen and the different types of claims which can be upheld with regards to copyright, thus highlighting the key points of claims which can be made for copyright. The first and foremost point which was similar in the two cases highlighted above was that both cases related to copyright claims and the other common element is that both of these cases were related to written songs. These two cases saw that the previous artists of a song making a claim about the song which came on later on, to have taken a part of their song and used it without the original artists permission, thus claiming royalties for this misuse. However, the ruling and the decision of these two cases was very different. In the first case, the ruling stated that there had indeed a breach of the copyright laws and this led to the claimant getting 5% royalty; though, the same was lower than what had been asked for. The second case saw the express denial of a case of copyright being present. The reason for denying this case was that the claim was being made on the common phrases and on such words which were not original. This shows that a case of copyright can only be made when the work is original as was present with kookaburra and where it can be clearly shown that the work had been copied. The biggest proof of this infringement of the copyright in the first case was the audience. When they were asked to answer on which song reflected Down Under, they named Kookaburra. This shows that even the audience, as common people, were able to deduce the similarities between the two songs. This widespread perception of the audience was what forced the matter to be initiated in this case, in a court of law. The support of audience was something which clarified a widespread perception of the copyright having being breached in the song Down Under. However, when the case of Taylor Swift if analysed, it becomes very clear that the law requires a level of similarity and also a level of originality in the work which is being claimed to have been infringed in terms of copyright of such work. To put it more simply, the song shake it off had to be shown by Sean Hall and Nathan Butler that it was acutely similar to their 2001 hit. And as was quoted by the court, a mere pleading for band-aid could not be used to fix a bullet hole. The court had rejected the 2015 by Braham, which was made on similar grounds and even quoted the very lyrics which were claimed upon to state that Braham can never, ever, ever get his case back in court". This shows that in order for a case of copyright infringement to be successful in a court of law, there was a need for the claiming party to show clearly that an original work was present firstly and secondly, that the same had been infringed. Merely making a claim on use of common words could not result in the claim of copyright to be upheld. And where an attempt is still made by people to make claim on the common words, the claim would be shaken off (Strecker, 2015). Each nation has its separate copyright related norms and there is a need to abide by the norms of the nation in which the incident takes place. For instance, in Australia, there is a need to abide by the Copyright Act, 1968 (Cth) which presides over the claims as have been highlighted here (Caenegem, 2010). Even the Australian laws would have resulted in the same verdict as even the laws of the nation require that a copyright infringement can only be claimed for original work (Dwyer, 2012). And so for a claim of shake it off, even in the nation, the two applicants would have to show that there had been a huge commonality and similarity in the two songs to show that the same had been lifted from another. And the decision for Down Under would also have remained same as there was a huge similarity between the tunes of the two songs, particularly the flute riff part, which even the audience had deemed as being similar to the original song, i.e., kookaburra. The two cases also show the di fference in the settlement amounts which are claimed upon. In the first cases, a royalty of 20-50% was sought and in the latter case, 20% stakes were claimed of song credit and in addition to these, the royalties were sought out. The growing knowledge of these rights has led to such high claims being made. These two cases are particularly important with context to our profession and the copyright related issues have to be particularly kept in mind, as under the media law, such issues are very common. Plagiarized work is simply not tolerated and copying the work of another without their explicit permission can result in imposition of penalties, which means lost revenue and also a loss of reputation. This is also important from the perspective of the music industry as such artists not only have to face an unnecessary hassle from the wrong and unsubstantiated claims, but also creates a negative impact over the person who copies the material, as their future prospective a job can be hampered owing to the blot that the particular artist uses plagiarised content. It also means lowered revenues due to the negative perception of the person in context of not being an original creator of the work. Conclusion Thus, in the preceding parts, an analysis was conducted where the two cases related to copyright infringement were discussed in detail. The first case, i.e., the Down Under case saw the judge ruling in the favour of Larrikin Music in upholding that this song had verses of flute rift taken from the famous song kookaburra and this case was born from the question put in at a game show. This ultimately led to 5% royalties being awarded to the plaintiff; though a claim for higher royalty was quashed by the court. The other case is still pending in court; though a similar 2015 case saw the damages being denied due to the work not being original. Hence, the two cases present the different scenarios relating to copyright claims, along with showing the manner in which on claim would be upheld, and the other be quashed. References Akbarzadeh, A., and Atacador, J. (2011) Its over: High Court will not hear Kookaburra v Down Under copyright appeal. [Online] Davies Collison Cave. Available from: https://www.davies.com.au/ip-news/its-over-high-court-will-not-hear-kookaburra-v-down-under-copyright-appeal [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Caenegem, W.V. (2010) Intellectural Property Law in Australia. The Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer Law International. Chiu, M. (2017) Ridiculous Copyright Lawsuit Against Taylor Swift for Shake It Off Is Nothing but a Money Grab, Says Rep. [Online] People Music. Available from: https://people.com/music/taylor-swift-shake-it-off-ridiculous-copyright-lawsuit-rep-says/ [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Cullins, A. (2017) Taylor Swift Sued Over "Shake It Off" Lyrics. [Online] Hollywood Reporter. Available from: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/taylor-swift-sued-shake-it-lyrics-1041121 [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Dwyer, T. (2012) Legal and Ethical Issues in the Media. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Forbes. (2017) Taylor Swift Sued For Lyrics In Mega-Hit 'Shake It Off'. [Online] Forbes. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/legalentertainment/2017/09/19/taylor-swift-sued-for-lyrics-in-mega-hit-shake-it-off/#6e97e6635201 [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Gilligan, M. (2014) Sex, Drugs, And Cubicles: What I've Learned From The Music Industry. USA: BookBaby. HG.org LLC. (2017) Media Law. [Online] HG.org LLC. Available from: https://www.hg.org/media.html [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Miller, P. (2013) Media Law for Producers. 4th ed. Oxon: Focal Press. News. (2011) Men At Work loses final Down Under appeal. [Online] ABC News. Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-07/men-at-work-lose-down-under-appeal/3348084 [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Powell, E. (2015) Taylor Swift sued for $42 million for allegedly stealing lyrics to 2014 hit Shake It Off. [Online] Evening Standard. Available from: https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/taylor-swift-sued-for-42-million-for-allegedly-stealing-lyrics-to-2014-hit-shake-it-off-a3104636.html [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Sinha-Roy, P. (2017) Taylor Swift shakes off copyright lawsuit as 'ridiculous'. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/taylor-swift-shakes-off-copyright-lawsuit-as-ridiculous-20170919-gykvd2.html [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Spilsbury, S. (2013) Media Law. Sydney: Cavendish Publishing. Strecker, E. (2015) Taylor Swift's Own Lyrics Used to Dismiss Copyright Lawsuit: Report. [Online] Billboard. Available from: https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6762227/taylor-swift-copyright-lawsuit-dismissed-lyrics [Accessed on: 09/10/17] Tehranian, J. (2011) Infringement Nation: Copyright 2.0 and You. New York: Oxford University Press. The Sunday Telegraph. (2009) Down Under and Kookaburra in copyright battle. . [Online] News. Available from: https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/quiz-show-sparks-aussie-anthems-battle/news-story/10e8f8d0a9a35637b17b437b235c3574 [Accessed on: 09/10/17]

St. Teresa of Avila in Joan Osborns St. Teresa free essay sample

Review of the lyrics, historical accuracy and content of Joan Osborns song `St. Teresa` with a look at the actual life of the St. Teresa herself. This paper is a historical song review that compares the lyrics of Joan Osborne song, `St. Teresa`, to the actual events in the life of St. Teresa, the 16th century Spanish nun. The author looks at the lyrics, the historical context, the artist, and the works of the saint herself. `The song St. Teresa by Joan Osborne on her 1995 album, Relish, is rather vague at a glance. The song begins in a street corner describing a woman and her child and moves into a mystical theme involving Saint Teresa. Osborne sings begins in first person, but shifts between what seems to be several characters in the song. St. Teresa, according to the songwriter herself, is actually about the women she saw from her window selling drugs on the corner through the night, their young children in tow. We will write a custom essay sample on St. Teresa of Avila in Joan Osborns St. Teresa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This scene was marked by a striking contrast between the innocence and purity of the children and the little crime, Osborne 17. Osbornes vision of the absolute beauty and devastating abomination of mankind was liken to that of the saints visions from God, especially that of Saint Teresa of Avila . Osborne takes on the voice of the saint, the sinner, and the omnipotent observer in the lyrics of St. Teresa.`

Oedipus Rex and Conventional Families Essays

Oedipus Rex and Conventional Families Essays Oedipus Rex and Conventional Families Paper Oedipus Rex and Conventional Families Paper In Oedipus Rexes and Conventional Families Oedipus Rexes, a tragic play based on dysfunctional families, Is a unique situation compared to dysfunctional families today. Incest, royalty and belief in gods is what caused dysfunction during Oedipus? time. A dysfunctional family, according to an online dictionary source, Is ? ¦one In which adult caregivers are unable to consistently fulfill their family responsibilities. ?o This is the type of family where buses and conflict occur on a regular basis; this leads the children growing up in it to believe that It is normal to have such occurrences In a family life. Oedipus was a child, who although was born into a royal family, grew up as an adopted child to another royal family. This happens because when Oedipus was born, Apollo, who was one of the many gods, tells Oedipus?w birth parents that he will kill his father when he gets older. After hearing this, birth parents leave him in Situation, a mountain range near Thebes, to die. Fortunately for baby Oedipus, a shepherd finds IM and brings him to the King and Queen of Corinth, who adopt and raise him as their own child. This shows that fortunate events can result in misfortune. In a time when wealth and power was triumphed over truth and justice, dysfunctional was a result of Immoral practices. In Oedipus Rexes, the readers come to see the blind sighted nature of Oedipus which leads him to murdering his biological father with the ultimate goal of marrying his biological mother, Coast. As the tragedies play progresses, the readers discover that Apollo has made clear that whoever has ordered Also must be ? ¦killed or exiled. ?o (Lines?:) This leads too townspeople, Chorals, to introduce Oedipus to Terrifies, who is a holy prophet that has knowledge of all the occurrences In Thebes. Telesales avoids telling Oedipus the truth of who the murderer is, but Oedipus wants to know the truth. As the conversation progresses, Oedipus becomes furious by Terrifies when he is informed that he Is the murderer of his biological father. King Also_ But before Telesales leaves, he says to Oedipus, ?:The man you have been looking for all this time, The damned man, the murderer of Also, That man Is In Thebes. To your mind he freeborn, But it will soon be shown that he is a Thebes, A revelation that will fail to please. ?:To the children with whom he lives now he will be Brother and father-the very same; to her Who bore him, son and husband-the very same Who came to his father?was bed, wet with his father?s scene ?: Lines 233-236, 240-243) When Terrifies says this Oedipus, we, as the readers, know that it is Oedipus who kills his biological father but Terrifies also Informs Oedipus that he will sleep with his mother. This explains to us that his wife Is most likely his biological mo ther as well. When Terrifies tells Oedipus that his mother is also his wife and his children are also his siblings, this portrays the dysfunctional toy 2 Tanat was present aurally appease TTL when opuses Tints out Trot a messenger that the child that Accost gave away many years ago was he, he cannot deal with the horror of knowing that his wife is his biological mother. So when Accost hangs herself, he pokes his eyeballs out with her dress ornaments and self- exiles himself. ?:And there he saw her hanging, her body swaying From the cruel cord she had noosed about her neck. ?: For the King ripped from her gown the golden brooches That were her ornament, and raised them, and plunged them down Straight into his own eyeballs, crying, ?cent more, No more shall you look on the misery about me, The horrors of my own doing! Too long have you known The faces of those whom I should never have seen, Too long been blind to those for whom I was searching! Sophocles scene?: Lines 38-39, 42-29) The situation fac ed by Oedipus compares to the situations faced by society today because no matter what generation or year it may be, whatever the parents do it will affect the characteristics and behavior of the children later in their lives. In a dysfunctional family today, the parents probably will not kill themselves or blind themselves, or look to other extreme measures, such as Oedipus did, but abuse and incest may occur. When a scenario such as the one in Oedipus Rexes occurs, it affects his daughters?w futures negatively. Some of the problems that can occur would be he complications associated with marriage, being raised by foster parents (Croon), and inferiority complex, the condition of not knowing who he or she truly is. In a dysfunctional family today, many children go through many types of abuse and that results in complications with alcohol and drug abuse, which could lead them to be rapists and murders, and with females, complications in pregnancy. Abuse within a family can cause complications in later generations. ?cachet problems that the dysfunctional families face tend to be chronic rather than temporary, the needs of he family members (particularly the children) are inconsistently met, and the negative patterns of parental behavior tend to be dominant in their children?was lives (Texas Womans University, no page). ?0 Compared to Oedipus Rexes, the effects of a dysfunctional family are different, yet not so different. The situations present in this tragedy are very unlikely to occur in the present day, but the idea of these situations may occur. Society may not go to the extremes as Oedipus did, but similar situations, although not as morbid, are comparable to that time period.

Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper - Assignment Example The government gave a report, and estimated the number of the gas leakage victims was five hundred thousand people (Ferrara, 2012). Three thousand eight hundred of these people had partial injuries, while three thousand nine hundred were permanently injured. There are numerous reasons advanced by scholars as to the cause of the Bhopal disaster. However, most agree that the immediate cause of the disaster was poor management and negligence by the managerial team of Union Carbide India Limited. This paper analyzes the causes of the Bhopal Disaster, in relation to poor managerial and communication skills (Ferrara, 2012). With concrete examples, and well supported facts, this paper looks at how the disaster occurred, and the failure of the management to initiate preventive measures that will protect its workers, from risks emanating from the plant (Rosencranz, 1988). This paper takes a stand that poor management and communication policies at Union Carbide India resulted to the occurrence of the disaster. Failure in communication, before, during and after the Bhopal disaster led to the death of thousands people. In 1984, the Indians comprised of the entire employees at the company. It is the Indians who controlled the machines, and they were involved at virtually all the operations of the company (Dhara et al, 2002). This is because the company implemented its agreement with the Indian government of promoting self-sustenance. On this note, language was a barrier in effectively conducting the affairs of the company. This people lived with their families near the company, and they were the first victims of the gas leakage. Despite this language barrier, the company printed the operating manuals for their equipment’s in English. This was an aspect of mismanagement and negligence; this is because the local community was not proficient in English, and had no idea on know how to react to the warnings contained in the manuals,

Comparison of the Old World Values to the New World Values in Bread Essay

Comparison of the Old World Values to the New World Values in Bread Givers - Essay Example Sara fought towards attaining independence and self-fulfillment. The writer chooses his title significantly because it shows how women struggle to provide for their families. Anzia writes about young girls who struggle to be independent by breaking traditions. Sara says, â€Å"The more I start to review my inner self, I do not want some day to make myself for a person and among people .† Sara father is the only man in the house and should the sole breadwinner in the according to the religion. Sara’s father ironically prefers to read Torah and believe in heavenly promises rather to work for the family. AnziaYezieska wrote even about her own life where she sacrifices for children and husband. Education and career was for men only who do not make any money. Mashah despairs as her husband makes no money and has to struggle hard to make ends meet. We see the inch-by-inch improvement of the family’s practices, just as a tidy table linen changes to be hard work’s treasured reward. The difference between the cultural values of the daughter and the father shows how the Europeans (old world) differed from those of the United States (new world). Religious values in the two the world where different. Sara’s father believed in just sitting down and reading Toran and other Gods teaching to humanity. Sarah in the other side has seen the light has a sense of independence. Everything we get in life we must work for it and religion is the one thing that unites not separating people. Religion also did not give room for women to be part of it. â€Å"The prayers of his daughters did not count because God did not listen to women,† just as it was in these religious minds.... â€Å"What’s a woman without a man? Less than nothing. A blotted out the existence, no life on earth, just as there is no satisfaction in heaven3† (205). The American world gave a chance to women to prove they are able to do. â€Å"In America, women do not need men to boss them† (137). Sara went to school and defiled her father’s wishes so that she can be independent and free.† In America,Torah learning; here individuals have to earn a living first.† The old world also required daughters and women to get married or work for their families without getting any education. Husbands and marriages were decided by their fathers, and there was no other option but to respect it. Every daughter in the family fell in love, but their father frustrated their relationship except for Sara who chose to run away and find her independent life. The Jewish never believed in love, happiness, and forgiveness. Sara says she rather dies than to be forced to a marriage she did not want. She tells her sister â€Å"I do not want to get married. I have set out to do something, and I am going to do if even if it kills me†. United States of America gave chances to women. They went to schools, as be men and do whatever they wanted with their lives. Happiness is the priority of every American. Sara compares knowledge and love and how thrilling now it is that, she is wanted for her work but not a man. Jennifer Hochschild defines the American dream as the promise held out to each American that they get significant chance of attaining prosperity by their own effort. Anzia the author of the believed that independence was a dream of every woman. She had to defy the odds and search for independence to attain that American dream. Sara runs away from home to be free and

The role of marketing in strategic planning process Essay

The role of marketing in strategic planning process - Essay Example One set of marketing policies broadly defines the nature of the products that the business offers to the market Suder, (2007:118). The policies cover a diversity of the product line, the general level of technical sophistication of the products and the target level of product quality in relation to the competitors. The prospector businesses heavily depend on the continuing development of new and unique products and the penetration of new markets as a primary competitive strategy. Hence, the adherence and policies of the prospective businesses which encourage the broad and technically advanced trade lines should relate positively to the performance on the critical dimension of share growth. The products should also be of a higher quality compared to competitor products. Marketing, in building profitable customer relationships, assists in finding new customers for a business (Bojanic & Reid, 2009:59). Through marketing, one can be able to acquire the right target market and from that maximize profitability. To achieve this, the industry sector identified for growth in strategic planning must be implemented throughout the business. The sales team must have a structured and designed Commission to reflect closed sales in the business being pursued. When marketing and selling, a new marketplace, the products and services offered must be profitable both to the business and the customer. Some factors that the marketing manager should consider are such as, pricing, promotion and product presentation towards the customers.

History And Evolution Of Sitcoms

History And Evolution Of Sitcoms In the field of entertainment, everybody could use a good laugh and this is where the comedy genre comes in. As the name states, its purpose is to bring humor and laughter to the audience. Comedies come in many formats in movies and television. In television, one of the most common genre is the situation comedy or sitcom, for short. As the name states the plot is centered on a particular situation set in a typical setting such as a home or workplace. A situation comedy features a regular cast of characters plus recurring ones who would appear in subsequent episodes as well as special guest stars. There are sitcoms that are aired performed before a live studio audience, making it similar to a theatrical play. One can tell it is live whenever a special guest star would appear as the audience would cheer enthusiastically. Another distinctive feature of the sitcom is the laugh track or what is called canned laughter which is played every time a hilarious scene unfolds. What makes sitcoms different from stand up comedy and sketch comedy is that they have a storyline and this essentially makes it a comedic drama; and as mentioned before, the setting is usually centered on family, workplace, or a group of friends as the principal characters or mainstays. Sitcoms came about when the television was introduced and this enabled audiences to return to a certain program if they like it. As a result of this (initial) trend, the performers who have key roles would become mainstays and the situations would remain the same to enable audiences to be familiar with them. Even animated shows, also adapt the sitcom format to cater to a specific audience as well, not merely children. Another feature of the sitcom is that it is often character driven and naturally, running gags often develop during a series or season. The plot of a sitcom episode is typical: It starts with the status quo where everything is normal among the characters and then, a disruption will occur, thereby affecting the usual situation and the relationships of the characters, but by the end of the episode, these issues will be settled, the situation will revert to the status quo and it is alls well that ends well until the next episode where the it will happen all over again but in a different plot. History and Evolution: Throughout its history, sitcoms over the years have evolved not only in the performers but also in the plot as well as how humor is delivered. In the early years of sitcom, the most common method of delivery is the slapstick approach of the 1950s and well into the 1960s. The slapstick is characterized by exaggerated violence where the characters appear to be hitting one another with exaggerated sound effects without getting hurt. This is common is earlier comedies such as The Three Stooges. Slapstick also features characters doing unthinkable or crazy stunts or acts or silly things in the scene to the point of making complete fools of themselves. One of the most popular sitcoms of the period was I Love Lucy starring the real-life couple of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. This sitcom is one of those that features the slapstick delivery. One example is a scene in one episode where Lucy works in a chocolate factory. The chocolates are being churned out so fast that Lucy had to eat those that could not be packaged. In another episode, Lucy was mashing grapes in a winery and wrestled with another worker in the vat, making a mess out of themselves (Oppenheimer, 4-5). As for the setting, it centers on a typical couple, Lucy and Ricky (Arnaz) Ricardo. What makes the story interesting is that Lucy is not content in being a plain housewife while her husband works as a bandmaster in a club. Lucy aspires to have a career and this is the source of the humor. Besides these madcap adventures and misadventures, there is also the relationship with their neighbors Fred and Ethel who play the straight couple to their seemingly dysfunctional one to provide balance. Essentially, women would be portrayed as scatterbrained but extremely clever, men would be indignant (like Ricky), and friends or neighbors would be unwitting pawns, accomplices or villians (such as Fred and Ethel). Besides the typical family setting, early sitcoms offer different settings but with similar plots such as Sergeant Bilko, which looks at the humorous side of the military; Car 54 Where Are You? for the police officers and McHales Navy in the US Navy set during World War II to boot. The 1960s added a fantasy touch with sitcoms like I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched. This was made possible with advancements in the realm of special effects which enabled these magic tricks to be performed. In addition, 1960s sitcoms deviated from the earlier ones in the sense that they were not filmed before live audiences but were filmed instead where the sessions are called tapings. The 1970s and 1980s saw a change in the character makeup of the sitcoms as evidenced by such shows as The Jeffersons, Different Strokes, Barney Miller and Chico and the Man where nonwhites began to share top billing as well yet the plot remains the same. This underscored by the real-world events happening the changes America has been going through by way of racial integration and that nonwhites were not regarded as equals to whites. This is what these shows intend to convey besides providing laughter (Dalton and Linder 125-126; Hamamoto 87, 90-91). In terms of delivery, studio audiences became the norm again on shows that were not filmed in several locations and several factors have to be taken into consideration such budget (Dalton and Linder 49-50). There were also changes in the composition of the characters or how they are shown in the show. It is no longer the typical family. The show would center on the kids or teens such as Facts of Life and Charles in Charge which deals prima rily with issues teenagers usually face. Besides race, feminism got into the act with shows such as Rhoda and The Mary Tyler Moore Show as women took lead roles in sitcoms as well. The 1990s saw a continued surge of similar shows such as Murphy Brown and Just Shoot Me. There were even instances when some shows would challenge morals at the time such as MarriedWith Children which features a dysfunctional family, an introduction to the genre commonly known as transgression comedy. One other noticeable feature of sitcoms starting in the 1970s was the evolution of the delivery. Slapstick was no longer used at this point in time. Rather, the producers and the performers make use of the current situations they are in, whether they are personal, affecting only them or the social situation that affects them entirely. In other words, they poke fun at their problems without having to do crazy stunts or exaggerated violence reminiscent of The Three Stooges. The 1990s saw the emergence of sitcoms in animation followed the lead of live shows such as The Simpsons which is still enjoying a following to this day, and later South Park (Dalton and Linder 270-271). This trend would go on well into the 21st century with similar shows coming out such as The Office and 30 Rock which still follow the same trend. Furthermore, sitcoms have also broken down into categories according to age groups. Disney Channel offers sitcoms for children and teenagers such as Thats so Raven, Hannah Montana and Corey in the House. Naturally, the shows centers on the younger characters with the adults in the supporting role but the plot is nonetheless similar to the mainstream sitcoms (Dalton and Linder 44-45). Analysis: By the 21st century, the trend in the entertainment industry is leaning toward reality-TV shows which feature non-actors and single-camera recordings. The reason for this increasing popularity is that the participants are not actors and the audience can easily relate to them as the cameras capture every moment of their life and they are seen in their best and their worst and there are no cuts and takes, the camera continues rolling. It is as real as it gets and all the elements or genres are there from action, drama and even comedy without the canned laughter. It is said that these shows will replace mainstream programming which would affect soap operas and sitcoms. But this does not mean sitcoms will fade into oblivion or give up without a fight. In the latter shows, for instance, The Office, 30 Rock and even The Drew Carey Show make use of an element called the pathos. Where the shows make the viewers sympathize with the characters, and relate to them on a level unlike any other show (Graham 1). Old sitcoms never had this pathos. The problems facing the characters in the show are similar problems the audience faces on a regular basis in real life (Graham 1). In addition, this pathos need not be exaggerated like in slapstick. It is shown in a plain simple way similar to what real people go through every day. The characters, especially the main ones, are depicted as the everyman or average Joe. In the case of the three sitcoms, they reflect the joys, trials and tribulations the average (American) employee goes through in their daily routine. Nothing is exaggerated and the issues they face are real since real people experience them too. Matthew G ilbert puts it nicely At their best these single hand held sitcoms are an uplifting art form, one that has come of age in the past 20 years. They can invent a unique comic lexicon, invite us to laugh at our failings, capture the brilliance of our imaginations, and satirize our culture, they can reflect, clarify, and normalize human nature(Gilbert 1). Even animated sitcoms like The Simpsons and South Park show that as well this is why such animated series also appeal to adults, breaking the notion that they are only for children. Shows like Arrested Development and The Office are amongst some of a growing number of sitcoms that look different and are produced differently from sitcoms in the past. Eric Berlin states on the changing sitcom This new genre combines oddball characters, stress on improv acting, cinematic look, expert single-camera production work, and inventive use of flashbacks, private one on one confessions with the camera and quick cut-aways. The writing is daring, smart, and resembles the everyday awkward encounters that humans experience(Berlin 3). Shows like The Office and Arrested Development have been appropriately termed by author Brett Mills as the televisual style called comedy verite(Thompson 63). What comedy verità © is doing through its distinctive televisual style is shift the source of humor in the television comedy from the constructed joke, as seen in prior sitcoms, to the observation of a comic event (Thompson 67). Thompson states The observational component of these sitcoms, w hich includes not just what they look like but also the timing of shots and the sense that at times we observe events in real time, creates a different type of engagement with the narrative. The sitcom is thus reinvigorated by a shift from the tired realm of the staged sitcom, with its three cameras, studio audience, or one-camera, coverage shooting, to an experience of observation or witness(Thompson 67). A big part of these new comedy verite style sitcoms is how they convey the observational mode that the viewer is caught in, primarily through handheld shooting and a pacing that suggests particular segments unfold in real time as if their viewer were there (Thompson 68). However these segments and scenes are increasingly taking place in intimate settings, including shots conveying a particular characters subjectivity and vulnerability, and are less marked by characters performing for the camera, a fly on the wall type of perspective (Thompson 68). This production style that is new to the Sitcom tries to convey to the viewer that they are not watching comedy but are observing the comedic acts that unfold before the ever present handheld camera. Whether the acting is improvised or carefully scripted, it looks like it just happened and thats the whole point (Thompson 71). As a mode of production, this new developed sub genre of the sitcom is addressing comedy like never before and is effective in the use of presenting what is truly funny to viewers. Furthermore, what makes sitcoms better than reality TV is, as mentioned earlier, these shows do not only try to make the audience relate to the character as far as pathos is concerned, but being a comedy, it encourages the audience to laugh off their problems as well. Furthermore, unlike reality shows, it is the characters that are laughed at, not the people themselves. Because of this, this is what will make sitcoms last longer and keep on entertaining people.

Essay --

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly An Analysis on the lives of the Upper, Middle, and Lower classes during the Industrial Revolution I have fully upheld Delbarton’s Honor Code in letter and spirit. Signature: Anthony Farinacci Anthony Farinacci Feb. 12, 2014 European History Mr. Gentine Delbarton School Before the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain made minuscule changes to society and the economy was slow. Once 1750 began, Britain was on the verge of having an Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution shifted Britain from an agricultural society to an industrial society. Many other countries tried to follow Britain and have their own Industrial Revolution, but some were not as successful. Even though the peasants had a rough life during the Industrial Revolution, it did benefit the middle and upper classes. The Industrial Revolution had an everlasting effect on European society because some of the advancements that were made are still used today. During the Indu... ...onized the manufacturing of cotton and opened up new industries. Arthur Young who lived during the Industrial Revolution had a very powerful quote about Watt. He said, â€Å" In what path of life can a man be found that will not animate his pursuit from seeing the steam-engine of Watt?" James Watt changed the course of the Industrial Revolution with his invention of the Steam Engine. The upper class gained much revenue from the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain truly effected Europe in different ways. The peasants worked long hours and lived in poor conditions. The middle class lived modest lives and sometimes were promoted to the upper class. The upper class greatly benefited with the new advancements in technology. The Industrial Revolution helped make Europe a more advanced place, even though it did have some flaws.

Compare and Contrast Two Shopping Centres

Nguyen Le Thi Phuc 24/3/2013 A shopping plan Last week, I thought of a plan to go to the shopping centre with my friend who is going to visit Singapore. Both my friend and I like shopping, I wanted to take her to go shopping. But I could not make up my mind that where we would go. I had ever come to Thomson Plaza and Lucky Plaza that all of them were very nice. Then I compared the location, structure and goods of two centres that I could finally come to my decision to go Lucky Plaza.First, I considered about their location. Thomson Plaza is a shopping centre located in urban areas, in the heart of private and public residential estates at Upper Thomson Road. However, Lucky Plaza is situated in the midst of Singapore’s premier shopping district and located along the Orchard road. So both Thomson Plaza and Lucky Plaza are easy to move by any transportation. Lucky Plaza is closer the MRT Station but farer my home than Thomson Plaza.Besides, Lucky Plaza had been identified as one of the most accessible landmarks for the tourists. Second, I thought of their structures. While Thomson Plaza’s logo is an orange – gray leaf, Lucky Plaza’s logo looks like double â€Å"S† with yellow color. The appearance of Thomson Plaza looks nice and specially, and Lucky Plaza does too. Thomson Plaza has 3 floors and a basement carpark. In contrast, Lucky Plaza has 6 floors, 1 basement and a large parking lot. So there are many shops in Lucky Plaza more than Thomson Plaza.From their structures, they both buy the diverse variety of goods with many different brands. They serve quality goods, good services and sometimes they have some goods on sale with low price. Specially, Lucky Plaza has many kinds of foods, Photo studio, Bossini, Levi’s, Bata shops that we like most. On the orther hand, Thomson Plaza doesn’t have those shops. In conclusion, after taking everything into consideration, I think I made the right decision. We will have a sho pping trip in Lucky Plaza with our favourite shops.

Free Essays on Genders Difference

The Development of Gender Roles in Children In a society filled with gender stereotypes and biases, children often adopt gender roles which are not always equal to both males and females. As children move on through childhood and later into adolescence many factors influence their views and behaviors towards gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are learned initially in the home, and later reinforced by many other outside influences such as their school experiences, friends, teachers, and television. Children turn out to internalize many of the gender stereotypes and behaviors of the past. Where are these stereotypes coming from? The strongest influence on gender development occurs in the home, with parents passing on many of the beliefs they have about gender roles. Children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society. Through opportunities, encouragement and discouragement, obvious behaviors, covert suggestions, and various types of guidance, child ren experience the formation of their gender role socialization. It is hard for children to grow into adults without experiencing some form of gender bias or gender stereotyping, whether it be that boys are supposed to be tough or girls supposed to be gentle.The Development of Gender Roles in Children In a society filled with gender stereotypes and biases, children often adopt gender roles which are not always equal to both males and females. As children move on through childhood and later into adolescence many factors influence their views and behaviors towards gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are learned initially in the home, and later reinforced by many other outside influences such as their school experiences, friends, teachers, and television. Children turn out to internalize many of the gender stereotypes and behaviors of the past. Where are these stereotypes coming from? The strongest influence on gender development occurs in the home, wi... Free Essays on Genders' Difference Free Essays on Genders' Difference The Development of Gender Roles in Children In a society filled with gender stereotypes and biases, children often adopt gender roles which are not always equal to both males and females. As children move on through childhood and later into adolescence many factors influence their views and behaviors towards gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are learned initially in the home, and later reinforced by many other outside influences such as their school experiences, friends, teachers, and television. Children turn out to internalize many of the gender stereotypes and behaviors of the past. Where are these stereotypes coming from? The strongest influence on gender development occurs in the home, with parents passing on many of the beliefs they have about gender roles. Children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society. Through opportunities, encouragement and discouragement, obvious behaviors, covert suggestions, and various types of guidance, child ren experience the formation of their gender role socialization. It is hard for children to grow into adults without experiencing some form of gender bias or gender stereotyping, whether it be that boys are supposed to be tough or girls supposed to be gentle.The Development of Gender Roles in Children In a society filled with gender stereotypes and biases, children often adopt gender roles which are not always equal to both males and females. As children move on through childhood and later into adolescence many factors influence their views and behaviors towards gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are learned initially in the home, and later reinforced by many other outside influences such as their school experiences, friends, teachers, and television. Children turn out to internalize many of the gender stereotypes and behaviors of the past. Where are these stereotypes coming from? The strongest influence on gender development occurs in the home, wi...

Education News Harvard Accused of Bias Against Asian Americans

Education News Harvard Accused of Bias Against Asian Americans Education News: Harvard Accused of Bias Against Asian Americans Problems with discrimination and racism have always plagued social and cultural groups. Consequently, these issues have drawn continuous social and political debate. In the historical fight for equal rights and fair treatment for every one, courageous people resist any kind of social, gender or religion discrimination. A recent case connected with Harvard University alleges that the school maintained discriminatory policies toward Asian-Americans. This story has become a global scandal. The chancellor and the administration of the university were criticized for holding Asian Americans to a much higher set of entrance requirements than other candidates. It was stated that the university used fixed-quotas which were aimed to make the number of Asian-American candidates lower than other applicants. Such a bias may lead to the supposition that the educational potential of Asian-Americans is lower when compared to white students. However, the figures state just the opposite. Its been estimated that the results for Asian-Americans in general are about four hundred and fifty points higher in comparison with students of Afro-American origin, up to two hundred and seventy points higher than the result of Spanish students, and one hundred and forty points higher than white students (Belkin, 2015). So the educational potential of Asian-Americans exceeds the possible stereotype of their poor educational skills and academic incompetence. Sixty-four organizations filed a complaint accusing Harvard University of discrimination against Asian-Americans. The complaint alleges that â€Å"Many studies have indicated that Harvard University has been engaged in systemic and continuous discrimination against Asian-Americans during its very subjective ‘Holistic’ college admissions process† (Belkin, 2015). This anti-racism campaign aims to carry out an investigation at the federal level. It also demands that Harvardâ€Å"immediately cease and desist from using stereotypes, racial biases and other discriminatory means in evaluating Asian-American applicants† (Belkin, 2015). Harvards general counsel, Robert Iuliano, insisted that the procedure for accepting the students into the university is in accordance with the law. The educational establishment firmly states that apart from paying close attention to entry exams results, only personal qualities such as leadership skills and extracurricular activities participation are taken into account. Mr Iuloano specially underlined that, in terms of creating a multinational environment in class, a large number of lecturers and students should be admitted to the university. He highlighted that the number of minority applicants rose from 18% during the last ten years up to 21% nowadays. Still the difference doesnt seem that much significant. The group of the initiators stand firmly for the idea, that the percent of the Afro-American students should be much higher (Belkin, 2015). Many studies blame Harvard for using a highly subjective selection policy. Its obvious that the legal complaint against the university is a result of long-standing offenses against the Asian-American community and the mistreatment of Asian-American students. In any case, holding unfair and biased attitudes can never be viewed as a constructive policy. Even the slightest expression of anger and aggression toward people from minority groups is highly likely to cause alienation, and even lead to serious racial conflicts. One possible way out of the current unfavorable situation may lie in taking practical steps to reject all the national stereotypes regarding different racial groups. For only through decreasing social and racial tension can the aim of maintaining favourable balance between students of various races can be reached.

The effect of smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

The effect of smoking - Essay Example Excessive smoking leads to discoloring of the smokers teeth where they turn brown or yellow in color. This is an effect that may not be realized in the early smoking stages, but it becomes observable over the years. Smoking can as well ruin the finances of an individual. Smokers tend to ignore their basic expenses thus giving preference to expenditure on cigarettes. To curb this surging problem, certain nations have increased taxes on cigarettes. This increased the prices of the cigarettes making it unaffordable to smokers. This has led to an increase in spending on cigarette smoking as the smokers continue to smoke the same number of cigarettes in a day. Cigarettes smoking increased the risk of heart attacks and lung cancers. The tar in the tobacco coats the lungs forming soot that eventually lead to development of lung cancer. Heart attacks are associated with the increase in the rate of the heart rate which strains the heart and the blood vessels (Graves, 34). This thus has a profound effect on the heart which may lead to heart attacks. These are some of the reasons due to which smokers should quit smoking and engage in more productive and healthy activities. The harmful effects of smoking on the smokers are staggering. Unless the smokers quit they will be exposed to these hazardous effects which may even lead to their early

Eat2Eat Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Eat2Eat Case analysis - Essay Example Indirectly therefore, there are two groups of clients that the company serves. The first of these are the restanrants to whom Eat2Eat.com gives buyers to. The second are the buyers or online users of the website who make the actual reservations. However, in the context of this case analysis, much of reference to clients shall refer to the latter. Eat2Eat.Com uses a business model that grinds on the whiles of promotion of fine dining in the Asia Pacific region through the use of internet-based portal. This business model requires that the company works directly with subscribers to their website, such that the more subscribers the company has, the more customers they have and thus the more profits the will make. Presently, this business model has been introduced in nine identical geographic markets, spanning around countries in the Asia Pacific region and abroad. As far as the Asia Pacific region is concerned, this business model could be described as unique as it is the first of its k ind in the region. Fortunately, Eat2Eat.Com has received positive results from a brand recognition that has been established in the region in the last five years, leading to increases in sales at a rate of 42% from 2004 - 2005 Specific strategy that the company is using to implement its business model The implementation of the said business model has revolved around the use of specific strategies, which are discussed in this section of the writing. Generally, the strategy used by the company was based on two major factors, which are market segmentation and approach to market (Browne and Cudeck, 1992). As far as market segmentation is concerned, there was a strategy to focus solely on what Aggawal referred to as first-tier restaurants. These are restaurants perceived to be of the higher class status that are moderately expensive, popular and accepts reservations (Wofford and Liska, 1993). Much of the strategy used on the market segment was personalized as Aggawal made personal approa ches to these restaurants to personally win their indulgence and approval to be supplied with reservations. Reviews on the restaurants were also undertaken on a personalized basis by Aggawal and his employees. As far as approach to market is concerned, Eat2Eat had a strategy o focusing mainly on corporate customers rather than personal customers. This is because most of these corporate institutions made reservations for diners for various programs and activities. However with time, personal customers would be included because within the various companies, about 15% of employees would register to be part of the service. Out of the 15%, 10% of registered employees would eventually become active members on the company’s website. The strategy has also fairly involved the incorporation of services whereby customers looking for online reservations are automatically redirected to the website of Eat2Eat.Com. Another important feature is when the company went mobile, operating on mobi le devices. In totality however, it would be noted that the company is currently operating a focused culture strategy that takes all its inspiration from the Asia Pacific region. Effectiveness of the management team and CEO are in implementing the business model Availability of company statistics, financial statements and research data makes it very easy to assess the effectiveness of th

Reading, rhyming and phoneme detection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reading, rhyming and phoneme detection - Essay Example The outcome of this research study provides SLPs and teachers with guidelines for teaching phonological and phonemic awareness to children with or without learning disabilities who are encountering problems with early reading and/or spelling. Furthermore, by providing a description of available measures that indicate problems in phonological awareness and literacy, the study analyzes three models for assessing children's phonological and rhyming awareness and their subsequent reading skills. The study confirms the importance of early rhyming skills. Was relevant background literature reviewed? Describe the justification for the study. Reading research has gained a lot of attention in the last few years because critical stages of phonological awareness can be developed through carefully planned instructions. This research is justified in that there is a need to find the connections between a child’s early phonological and rhyming skills and his or her progress in reading and sp elling. It is established that activities such as substituting different sounds for the first sound of a familiar song help in a child’s development of phonological awareness, which is a cognitive substrate to reading acquisition. It is known in this context that phonological awareness is not only cognitively related for analyzing words but also prepares children for later reading instructions in phonics and spelling. The authors of this article have discussed that the inability to process language by using phonological key knowledge poses as much of a barrier to learning early word reading as is posed by rhyming and alliteration. Moreover, the research outcomes reveal that weakness in phonological processing or weakness in rhyming... This study reports the results of four sessions during the period when the children were between the ages of 4 and 6 years and were tested with the use of two sets of predictive measures and one set of outcome measures. The predictive measures tested the children at the age of 4 years and 7 month and 5 years and 7 month on rhyme and alliteration detection ability. At the ages of 5 years and 7 month and 5 years and 11 month the researchers tested the children on their phoneme detection. The goal for the first set of tests was to measure reading, spelling and arithmetic ability. For the first set of tests, the researchers conducted the test at the home of the participants. All later tests were conducted at the participants’ schools. The intervention for the first set of tests gave the children different versions of rhyme-oddity tasks. The children had two practice trials followed by ten experimental trials. In each trial the child could choose between three words with pictures a nd pick the two words that rhymed with them; such as â€Å"fish† and â€Å"dish†. The researchers used the same tools to measure the children’s sensitivity to sound repetition as well. The third session of the test incorporated a little more challenging tasks for the children because now they were an year older (5 years and 7 month), which demanded their attention to the position of sounds in words. During this intervention the researchers used three pictures that they showed to all the children and then asked them to point out which words began with the same sound. For example â€Å"code† ended with the same sound as â€Å"rote†.

Biology Lab Essay Example for Free

Biology Lab Essay 1.Discuss how to protect yourself from body fluids, such as saliva and blood. oGloves protect you whenever you touch blood, body fluids. The use of gloves also decreases the risk of disease transmission if you are pricked with a needle. Always wear gloves for handling items or surfaces soiled with blood or body fluids. oWash your hands and other skin surfaces immediately after they come in contact with blood or body fluids. oMasks and protective eyewear, such as goggles or a face shield, help protect your eyes, mouth, and nose from droplets of blood and other body fluids. Always wear a mask and protective eyewear if you are doing a procedure that may expose you to splashes or sprays of blood or body fluids. oAprons protect you from splashes of blood or body fluids. Always wear a gown or apron if you are doing a procedure that may expose you to splashes or sprays of blood or body fluids 2.Why should you consider a body fluid capable of infecting you with disease? o I think you should be aware and alert because its precaution to practice when youre working in a lab setting. 3.Describe how to dispose of waste material contaminated with body fluids. o You should dispose all waste material in the correct disposal area, and you can throw away the waste materials in the biohazard container. 4. Explain how to safely plug and unplug an electrical device. o When you plug in such electrical equipment, make sure you include the ground plug round. Hold the plug firmly by the insulating cover when plugging it in or unplugging it. Never unplug an electrical device by pulling on its cord. 5.Discuss how to protect yourself from preservatives used on biological specimens. o You would protect yourself from preservatives used on a biological specimen by wearing gloves and safety glasses. Do not shake the container or put the specimen back in the container. 6.Why are special biohazard containers used for biological waste? o Biohazard containers are used to separate infectious, contaminated or dangerous material from other materials that wouldn’t be labeled as such and to protect us and the environment. Also the disposing of biohazard material is done differently than normal material.

Evolution Of Speaker Manufacturing English Language Essay

Evolution Of Speaker Manufacturing English Language Essay A speaker is an electrical device that converts electrical signals to mechanical motion in order to create sound waves. A transducer, which is another name for a speaker, is a device that converts one form of energy to another. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or water. The first electrical speaker, patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, was for the earpiece of the telephone. This design was later improved upon by Ernst Siemens and Nicola Tesla in 1877 and 1881 respectively. Siemens and Tesla used a metal horn driven by a membrane attached to a stylus to create the design of what would be the basis for the modern speaker. Thomas Edison was working on a design at this time using compressed air as the amplifying mechanism. He quickly found this was not the most effective way to create the mechanical waves that produce sound. He quickly withdrew his application for a patent an d settled on the metal horn design. The metal horn speaker is a speaker which can be found on antique record players. Metal Horn Speaker Moving Coil Speaker The modern design of the moving coil driver was established by Oliver Lodge in 1898. Lodge was a British physicist and writer that was involved in many key patents involving wireless telegraphy. In 1915, Magnavox emerged as the first public company to produce a loudspeaker. This design was the first practiced use of the moving coil drivers in a loudspeaker. Magnavox was started in that same year by Edwin Pridham and Peter L. Jensen. The companys focus was on developing consumer electronics. They would later go on to be the first to develop a phonograph loudspeaker. Today Magnavox is owned by one of the world leaders in electronics, Phillips. In 1924, Chester W. Rice and Edward W. Kellogg received the first patent on the moving-coil principle, direct radiator, and loudspeaker. Their patent was different from the previous attempts because of the adjustment of mechanical parameters in their design. The fundamental resonance of the moving system takes place at a lower frequency than that at which the cones radiation impedance becomes uniform. In 1926, Rice and Kellogg sold the loudspeaker, Radiola which was superior to anything else previously invented because it decreased sound distortion and improved audio quality for the buyer. These speakers used electromagnets instead of large powerful magnets in their design. The electro magnets were used because larger, more powerful magnets were not available at a cheap enough price at the time. In the 1930s, manufactures began placing two or three band passes worth of drivers in their speakers, which allowed for increased quality, sound pressure levels, and frequency response. Many of the components involved in the production of modern speakers have been improved upon from their initial designs. The biggest improvements have occurred mainly in the makeup of the materials in the speaker and in the enclosure design. The diaphragm materials and permanent magnet materials are some of the other speaker components which have improved throughout the years. With the advent of computer aided design and increased accuracy in measuring techniques, the development of the speaker and quality of sound have grown exponentially in recent years. The modern loudspeaker has a similar makeup to that of earlier designs, but some of the basic ideas behind the design have changed to give us the speaker we have today. The Modern Speaker Modern speakers use a permanent magnet and an electromagnet to induce the reciprocating motion of the diaphragm. The alternating current going through the electromagnet constantly reverses the magnetic polarity of the coil thus reversing the forces between the voice coil and the permanent magnet. This causes a rapid back and forth motion of the coil resembling that of a piston. When the coil moves it causes the diaphragm to vibrate the air in front of the speaker, creating sound waves. The frequency and amplitude of the electrical audio signal dictates the rate and distance that the voice coil moves thus determining the frequency and amplitude of the sound waves produced by the diaphragm. Drivers are only able to create sound in a given range of frequencies, thus many different types of drivers must be manufactured to account for the wide range of possible frequencies. The main components of the modern speaker are the diaphragm, permanent magnet, suspension, voice coil, and basket with three other important features being coaxial drivers, speaker enclosures, and audio amplifiers. In the following sections we will break down each component and investigate the improvements of each component including those in the material selection and the manufacturing process. Diaphragm One of the main components of a speaker is the diaphragm, sometimes called a speaker cone. The diaphragm can also be referred to as the diaphragm and its surrounding assembly including the suspension and the basket. However for our purposes the suspension and the basket will be individually discussed in later sections. Movement of the diaphragm causes sound waves to propagate from the speaker thus producing the noise we hear. The ideal properties of a diaphragm are minimal acoustical breakup of the diaphragm, minimal standing wave patterns in the diaphragm, and linearity of the surrounds force-deflection curve. The diaphragm stiffness and damping qualities plus the surrounds linearity and damping play a crucial role in reproducing the voice coil signal waveform. Eighty five percent of the diaphragms sold worldwide are made of cellulose fibers because they can be easily modified by chemical or mechanical means to giving it a practical manufacturing advantage not found in other common diaphragm materials, although reproducibility can be a problem. The lack of reproducibility can affect imaging, depending on the precision and quality of production. Cellulose is also advantageous over other diaphragm materials because of its low cost to produce. Although Cellulose works well as a diaphragm, new synthetic materials are emerging that are more lightweight, allowing for better audio quality, reduced distortion, and increased vibration and shock durability. These materials include polypropylene, polycarbonate, Mylar, silk, fiberglass, carbon-fiber, titanium, aluminum, aluminum-magnesium alloy, and beryllium. Polypropylene is the most common plastic material used in a diaphragm. The polypropylene is normally mixed with a filler, such as Kevlar, to reduce the manufacturing costs or it can be to alter the mechanical properties of the diaphragm. Polypropylene diaphragms have been increasingly more popular with the advancements in modern adhesive technology. Although with all plastic materials present, the material tends to have a viscoelastic creep, which is the materials tendency to slowly deform and stretch when under repetitive stresses. However, polypropylene diaphragms are still a popular choice for high performance speakers due to their consistent performance. Research is presently underway in attempts to create new plastic based materials such as TPX, HD-A, HD-I, Neoflex, and Bextrene for diaphragms. These materials generally have the same characteristics as polypropylene so the manufacturing costs cannot be justified for full production. Another option for low-frequency applications are woven fiber diaphragms. The woven fibers such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, and Kevlar are bonded together with a resin. When the high tensile strength of the woven fibers mixes with the adhesive and bonding characteristics of the resin it results in an incredibly stiff material. This stiffness results in a great low-frequency diaphragm, however the stiffness causes rough high-frequency responses. There have been numerous attempts to improve the high-frequency problems of woven fiber diaphragms such as using two thin layers of Kevlar fabric bonded together with a resin and silica microball combination and another attempt employed a sandwich structure of materials with a honeycomb Nomex core. But again, as with the advanced plastic materials, the cost of manufacturing versus the performance of the material cannot yet be justified. The final modern practical material for diaphragms is metal. Metals worst downfall is its terrible damping attributes which causes extreme high-frequency distortion. The most common metal of choice are aluminum and magnesium alloys. Due to the lack of technological advances in damping agents to add to these alloys, metal diaphragms are very rarely used in high-frequency applications. However, these alloys have been commonly used in lower end frequencies with great success. Permanent Magnet Modern driver magnets have become predominately permanent magnets. Historically this function was filled by the use of electrically powered field coils. When high-strength permanent magnets became available, they eliminated the need for the additional power supply that drove the coils. When this happened, Alnico magnets became popular. Alnico magnets are created from alloying aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. Until about 1980 Alnico magnets were primarily used but because of their tendency to become demagnetized, permanent magnets have since been made of ceramic and ferrite materials. Ferrite magnets are constructed by mixing iron oxide with strontium and then milling the compound into a very fine powder. The powder is then mixed with a ceramic binder and closed in a metal die. The die is then placed in a furnace and sintered to bond the mixture together. Sintering is the process in which the particles of the powder are welded together by applying pressure and heating it to a temperature below its melting point. Although the magnetic strength to weight ratio of ferrite magnets is lower than Alnico, it is considerably less expensive, allowing designers to use larger yet more economical magnets to reach a desired performance. In manufacturing, the most significant technical innovation of the speaker is due to the use of neodymium magnets. Currently neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets known to man. For this reason neodymium magnets significantly help in producing smaller, lighter devices and improve speaker performance due to their great capacity for generating strong magnetic fields in the air-gap. A neodymium magnet is an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron to form the molecule Nd2Fe14B. The molecular structure of this molecule is a tetragonal crystalline structure. Important properties in a magnet are the strength of the magnetic field, the materials resistance to becoming demagnetized, the density of magnetic energy, and the temperature at which the material loses its magnetism. Neodymium magnets have much higher values for all of these properties than other magnetic materials except that it loses its magnetism at low temperatures. For this reason it is sometimes alloyed with terbium and dysprosium in order to maintain its magnetic properties at higher temperatures. Suspension Another critical element in speakers is the suspension. The purpose of a suspension system is to provide lateral stability and make the speaker components return to a neutral point after moving. A typical suspension system includes two major components, the spider and the surround. The spider connects the voice coil to the frame of the speaker and provides the majority of the restoring force. The surround connects the top of the diaphragm to the frame of the speaker and helps center the diaphragm and voice coil with respect to the frame. Both components work together to make sure the diaphragm and coil assembly move strictly linearly and in line with the center of the permanent magnet. The spider is usually made of a corrugated fabric disk, impregnated with a stiffening resin. The name comes from the shape of early suspensions, which were two concentric rings of Bakelite material, joined by six or eight curved legs. The surround may be resin treated cloth, resin treated non-wovens, polymeric foams, or thermoplastic elastomers that are molded onto the cone body. An ideal surround has sufficient damping to fully absorb vibration transmissions from the cone to surround interface, and the durability to hold out against long term fatigue caused by prolonged vibration. Advancements in suspension manufacturing have come from innovations in synthetic suspension materials. The use of synthetic materials like kevlar or konex instead of cotton, has made todays speakers much more stable than those made as recent as ten years ago. A more durable suspension means that a speakers sound quality can remain unaltered for a longer period of time. This is especially a concern for speakers that generally operate at low frequencies since lower frequency sounds are created by larger diaphragm travel and larger diaphragm travel must be supported by more suspension travel. Voice Coil The wire in a voice coil is usually made of copper, though rarely aluminum and silver may be used. Voice coil wire cross sections can be circular, rectangular, or hexagonal, giving varying amounts of wire volume coverage in the magnetic gap space. The coil is oriented co-axially inside the gap; it moves back and forth within a small circular volume (a hole, slot, or groove) in the magnetic structure. The gap establishes a concentrated magnetic field between the two poles of a permanent magnet, the outside of the gap being one pole, and the center post (called the pole piece) being the other. The pole piece and backplate are often a single piece, called the poleplate or yoke. This magnetic field induces a reaction with the permanent magnet causing the diaphragm to move thus producing the sounds we hear. Voice coils can either be overhung, longer than the magnetic gap, or underhung, shorter than the magnetic gap, depending on its application. Most voice coils are overhung thus preventi ng the coil from being overdriven, a problem that causes the coil to produce significant distortion and removes the heat-sinking benefits of steel causing the speaker to heat rapidly. The most important characteristic of a voice coil is that it be able to withstand large amounts of mechanical stresses and also be able to dissipate heat to its surroundings without causing damage to the speakers other components. In early loudspeakers the voice coil was wound onto paper bobbins to remove heat from the system. At the time this was enough to cool the system at average power levels but as larger amplifiers became available allowing for higher power levels new technologies had to emerge. To cope with the increasing power inputs the use of alloy 1145 aluminum foil was widely used as a substitute for the paper bobbins. Aluminum was popular to industry due to its low cost to manufacture, its structural strength, and it was easy to bond to the voice coil. However, problems with the foil emerged over extended use at increased power levels. The first problem was the foil tended to transfer heat from the voice coil into the adhesives used inside the speaker causing them to thermally degrade or even burn. The second problem was the motion of the aluminum foil inside the magnetic gap created currents that actually increased the temperature of the voice coil, thus causing long-term reliability issues. In 1955 a new material was developed called Kapton, a polyimide plastic film, to replace the aluminum foil. Kapton solved all the problems that were associated with the aluminum foil however Kapton or even its improved cousin Kaneka Apical, were not perfect. Both high-tech materials were costly to manufacture and had a tendency to soften when heated. Although Kapton and Kaneka Apical had their downfalls they became the most widely used coating for voice coils until 1992 when a material called Hisco P450 was developed. Hisco P450 is a thermoset composite created by using a thin film of fiber glass cloth and impregnating it with a polyimide resin. This combination allowed for necessary mechanical strength and endurance of the polyimide and necessary temperature resistance and stiffness of fiberglass. Hisco P450 was able to withstand the grueling temperature requirements of professional speakers while also maintaining enough rigidity to withstand the mechanical stresses associated with long-term, high-frequency motions. In recent years the copper wire that is almost always used as the voice coil has been replaced sparingly with aluminum wire in extra sensitive, high-frequency applications. The aluminum wire is lighter than the copper wire and has about two thirds of the electrical conductivity allowing the wire to move at higher frequencies inside the magnetic gap. Variations of the aluminum wire include copper-clad aluminum and anodized aluminum. Copper-clad aluminum allows for easier winding along with an even more reduced mass. The anodized aluminum is effectively insulated against shorting which removed the concerns of dielectric breakdown. Aluminum wires are great lightweight, low-inductance choices for voice coils however, they do have their downfalls. The thermal characteristics of aluminum causes power limitations with the coil. If too much power is passed through the aluminum coil it can cause the adhesive bonds between the wire and the bobbin, or the bobbin to the spider and coil to weaken or even burn. To cope with the ever increasing power demands on the voice coil in addition to wrapping the coil in some high-tech material to increase its thermal properties, the voice coil has also been submerged in a ferrofluid, an oil that is used to conduct heat away from the voice coil and also creates a small magnetic field thus increasing the power handling capacity of the voice coil. Basket The basket or frame (as seen below) is the fixture used to hold the diaphragm, voice coil, and magnet in the proper place. The rigidity of this part is extremely important to prevent rubbing of the voice coil and prevent random movements that could cause problems with the permanent magnet. The three most common types of modern baskets are cast metal baskets, rigid baskets made out of stamped steel or aluminum, and cast plastic baskets. Each type of basket offers different advantages and disadvantages; these will be discussed in the flowing paragraphs. The stronger the basket the more power the speaker can handle before failure occurs. A well made basket should have a high power rating, be lightweight, and be able to conduct heat away from the voice coil to prevent physical changes or even possible demagnetization of the permanent magnets. Cast metal (above right) baskets are the most rigid of the three in all directions, but they are the most expensive to make. Cast metal baskets are made by melting down the desired metal to liquid form. The scorching hot liquid metal is then poured into a mold and once the liquid metal dries inside the mold, the mold is removed revealing a cast metal basket. Cast metal baskets although more expensive than the other two options, usually are more rigid thus preventing motion. They also have better damping characteristics, and they are also more easily manufactured allowing for more intricate shapes. Cast metal baskets are usually the preferred basket choice for higher quality speakers. A less expensive and yet less rigid basket can be made out of stamped steel. The stamped steel or aluminum sheets arrive to the manufacturer preformed. The sheets are then drilled using a hydraulic press to cut holes in the sheet to allow air flow to and from the diaphragm. The sheet is then pressed using another hydraulic press using a die to form the desired shape. Stamped metal baskets tend to be weaker than their cast metal counterparts. This weakness could cause the basket to flex if the speaker is being used at high volumes. The final option, which is even less expensive, is a cast plastic basket. Cast plastic baskets are made by using the liquid plastic and pouring it into the desired shaped mold. When the liquid plastic dries the mold is removed revealing a cast plastic basket. Just like cast metal baskets, cast plastic baskets are easily manufactured allowing for intricate shapes. The lightweight characteristics of the plastic would also make the speaker lighter allowing for smaller power consumption. However, as with most engineering decisions, the performance of the part proportionally decreases as the cost to produce the part decreases. The decreased cost of production of the plastic basket means that it is a weaker basket. This weaker, plastic basket will allow for the most flexing as compared to cast metal and stamped steel baskets. The power rating of the speaker would also be less than that of the metal baskets, both cast and stamped, due to the weaker strength characteristics of plastic in com parison with metal. Coaxial Drivers Coaxial drivers are the components of a speaker that radiates sound from the same point or axis. This is done by placing a high-frequency driver in the center of a low-frequency driver so that they produce sound waves from a single point in a loudspeaker system rather than separate locations. This allows for a more beneficial design over having the low and high frequency drivers separate. There are many different types of drivers and each driver produces sound within a limited frequency range. Subwoofers, woofers, mid-range drivers, and tweeters are all driver types capable of emitting different ranges of sound. A coaxial driver takes one of these higher frequency drivers and places it within a lower frequency driver. For example, a tweeter, the high frequency unit, could be placed in the center of a woofer, the low frequency unit, so that both drivers emit sound from the same point. This example can be seen in the images below. This design, which improves sound quality, was first de signed by Altec Lansing in the 1940s. Although it has many advantages, it is still an uncommon practice in the manufacturing of speakers due to technical and budgetary considerations. Enclosures The enclosure of a loudspeaker serves three functions and is made with a specific design that helps improve the quality of the sound produced by the speaker. The first function the enclosure performs is separation of the sound waves. It accomplishes this by preventing sound waves generated at the back of the speaker from interacting destructively with sound waves generated at the front of the speaker. The enclosure is intended to reduce distortion created because the waves that emanate from the front of the speaker are out of phase with the waves emanating from the rear of the speaker. If the front and rear waves were to overlap with one another it would result in wave interference. The second function the enclosure serves is to stop any echo and reverberation that would be created from the two differing sound source locations on the speaker. Because waves are created at the front and rear of the speaker, the two different sets of waves travel through the air differently as a result of their relative locations, and arrive at the person listening at different times. The third function the enclosure serves is to deal with the vibrations produced by the driver and to deal with the heat produced by the electronic components. Enclosures did not always have the fully enclosed container design that they now commonly have. Although present day practices say that enclosures need to have a back, before the 1950s they lacked one due to the cooling functions of an open container. Sealed enclosures, the most common type of enclosure, is completely sealed so no air can escape. With this type of enclosure the forward wave travels outward into the surroundings, while the backward wave is limited to only fill the enclosure. With a virtually airtight enclosure, the internal air pressure is constantly changing; when the driver retracts, the pressure increases and when the driver moves out, the pressure decreases. Both movements create pressure differences between the air inside the enclosure and the air outside the enclosure. Because of this, the driver motion always has to fight the pressure differences caused. These enclosures are less efficient than other designs because the amplifier has to boost the electrical signal to overcome the force of air pressure. The force due to air pressure does, however, provide an additional form of driver suspension since it acts like a spring to keep the diaphragm in the neutral position. This makes for tighter, more precise soun d production. Enclosure designs range from very simple, rectangular particle-board boxes (above left) to very complex cabinets made of composite materials (above right). The simplest enclosures are made to prevent destructive interference caused by overlapping of the front and rear sound waves from the speaker. The most complex enclosures contain acoustic insulation and internal baffles, which prevent interference. Solid materials such as heavy wood, are typically used when building enclosures in order to absorb the vibration caused by the speaker driver. This vibration dampening is extremely important. A speakers sound output would be drowned out by the drivers vibrations if there were not an enclosure incorporated into the design. Since the beginning of the production of enclosures, the most advantageous properties required for minimal energy loss through the enclosure walls have remained unchanged. Different strategies employed to reduce energy losses are to use thicker enclosure walls, denser hardwood plys and sturdier bracing. The downside to these methods is that they all add significant weight to the enclosure. However, with the production of newer materials that possess an increased stiffness-to-mass ratio this is changing. These new materials can improve performance and reduce weight, while also reducing the cabinets resonance. The end result is that a greater amount of the speakers en ergy is delivered in the intended direction rather than into mechanical vibrations which are wasted and produce a decrease in sound quality. A recent alternative to heavy wood construction of enclosures is the use of composite materials. It was for the aerospace industry that composite materials such as carbon-fiber were originally developed. Carbon-fiber was a success because of the high demand for a material with increased strength and rigidity. Speaker applications, such as enclosures use carbon-fiber materials to create a product with a vastly decreased weight and increased strength and rigidity. Enclosures built with carbon-fiber can weigh less than half as much as enclosures built from heavy wood. These enclosures which limit the speaker resonance can provide as much as 3 dB more output than the same speaker would have otherwise had in a heavy wood enclosure. Furthermore, carbon-fiber enclosures are extremely durable adding quality to the final product and they require almost no maintenance. Even though carbon-fiber enclosures cost around twice as much to produce as traditional enclosures, the lighter weight and ext ra output offer two very advantageous tradeoffs. Amplifier An amplifier is any device that increases or decreases the amplitude of a signal. An audio amplifier increases low-power audio signals to a suitable level for loudspeakers. When dealing with a speaker there are a many audio amplifiers involved. These amplifiers are responsible for pre-amplification, equalization, tone control, and mixing effects followed by a higher power amplifier which creates the final amplification for suitable levels of sound output. Amplifiers are found in wireless receivers and transmitters, CD players, acoustic pickups, and hi-fi audio equipment. Amplifiers are used for high-quality sound production, and depending upon the quality of the amplifier, they may cause distortion, which the speaker enclosures are meant to deal with. Distortion in amplifiers is caused by difference in phases of the output waveform and the input waveform. The smaller the difference in between the output and input waveforms the greater the quality of final sound. Audio amplifiers cons ist of resistors, capacitors, power sources, wires, semiconductors, and stereo jacks all combined on an electronic work board to produce the type of amplifier needed. Types of Speakers Woofers are loudspeaker drivers designed to produce sounds of low frequency from around 40 hertz up to around 1000 hertz. The most common design for a woofer is the electro-dynamic driver, using a stiff paper cone driven by a voice coil. Woofers are important to allow for a range of frequency that will hit a low level. Effective woofer designs efficiently convert low frequency signals to mechanical vibrations. The vibration of the air out from the cone creates concentric sound waves that travel through the air. If this process can be done effectively, many of the other problems speakers run into will be greatly reduced such as linear excursion. For most speakers the enclosure and the woofer must be designed to work hand in hand. Usually the enclosure is designed around the woofer, but in some rarer cases the enclosure design can actually dictate the woofer design. The enclosure is made to reflect the sounds at the right distance, so that they will not be wave cancelling reflections. Below you can see an example of a common woofer. A subwoofer is a woofer with a diameter between 8 and 21s. Subwoofers are made up of one or more woofers. They can be arranged in many different configurations to produce the best quality of sound. Subwoofers usually play frequencies between 20 hertz and 200 hertz, well within the range of human auditory levels. The first subwoofer was created in the 1960s and added to the home stereo to create bass for sound reinforcement. Up until this point the only form of audio player which contained bass was a phonograph player which was created by Magnavox. This allowed for a more accurate array of music. Subwoofers are used in all sound systems today such as in cinemas, cars, stereos, and for general sound reinforcement. A mid-range speaker is a loudspeaker driver that produces sound between 300 hertz and 5000 hertz. These are less commonly known as squawkers. Midrange drivers can be found as cone speakers, dome speakers, or compression horn drivers. Mid-range speakers usually resemble small woofers. The most common material the cone is made out of for a mid-range is paper although they can be found to be coated or impregnated with polymers or resins to improve vibration dampening. Much of the rest of the mid-range speaker is made from plastic polymers. Mid-range speakers which employ the dome set up usually only use 90 degrees of the sphere as the radiating surface. These can be made from cloth, metal or plastic film. The voice coil in this design is set at the outer edge of the dome. Mid-range drivers are most commonly used for professional concerts and are compression drivers coupled with horn drivers. Rarely mid-range speakers can be found as electrostatic drivers. Mid-range speakers handle the most prominent part of the human-audible sound spectrum. This is the region where most sound emitted by musical instruments lie. This is also where the human voice falls in the audible spectrum. Most television sets and small radios only contain a single mid-range driver. Tweeters are a loudspeaker designed to produce frequencies from 2,000 to 20,000 hertz. Some tweeters on the market today can produce sounds of up to 45000 hertz. The human ear can generally only hear up to about 20000 hertz. The name tweeter comes from the extremely high pitch it can create. Modern tweeters are different from older tweeters because older tweeters were smaller versions of woofers. As tweeter technology has advanced, differen